A cikin 2017, wani kamfani na samarwa da gudanarwa na mutum uku na Austin mai suna Exurbia Films ya ɗauki nauyin gudanar da haƙƙin haƙƙoƙin 1974 na ban tsoro na al'ada na Texas Chainsaw Massacre.

"Aikina shine in kai mu cikin Chainsaw 2.0," in ji Pat Cassidy, furodusa kuma wakili tare da Exurbia.“Mutane na asali sun yi babban aiki na kula da haƙƙin amma ba daga tsarar intanet ba.Ba su da Facebook."

Exurbia yana da ido don haɓaka ikon amfani da sunan kamfani kuma a cikin 2018 ya kulla yarjejeniya don jerin talabijin da fina-finai da yawa dangane da ainihin fim ɗin, duk suna cikin haɓakawa tare da Hotunan Almara.Hakanan yana haɓaka litattafan zane-zane na Texas Chainsaw Massacre, barbecue sauce, da samfuran gwaninta kamar ɗakunan tserewa da gidaje masu ban tsoro.

Sauran aikin Exurbia ya kasance mafi wahala: gudanar da alamun kasuwanci na Chainsaw da haƙƙin mallaka, gami da taken fim ɗin, hotuna, da haƙƙoƙin ƙaƙƙarfan muguwar sa, Fata.

Shahararren masanin masana'antu David Imhoff, wanda ya kulla yarjejeniyar ba da lasisin Chainsaw a madadin marubucin fim din, Kim Henkel, da sauran su tun a shekarun 1990, ya shaidawa Cassidy da wani wakilin Exurbia, Daniel Sahad, da su kasance cikin shiri don ambaliyar kayayyakin jabun."Wannan alama ce da kuka shahara," in ji Imhoff a cikin wata hira.

Imhoff ya nuna Exurbia zuwa ga ƙwararrun ecommerce kamar Etsy, eBay, da Amazon, inda ƴan kasuwa masu zaman kansu suka kwashe abubuwan Chainsaw mara izini.Alamu dole ne su aiwatar da alamun kasuwancin su, don haka Sahad ya sadaukar da yawancin lokacinsa ga aikin da manyan hukumomi ke ba da wakilci ga ƙungiyoyin doka: ganowa da bayar da rahoto.Exurbia ta shigar da sanarwa sama da 50 tare da eBay, fiye da 75 tare da Amazon, da fiye da 500 tare da Etsy, suna neman rukunin yanar gizon su cire abubuwan da suka keta alamun kasuwanci na Chainsaw.Shafukan sun cire abubuwan cin zarafi a cikin mako guda ko makamancin haka;amma idan wani zane na bogi ya bayyana, Exurbia dole ne ta nemo shi, ta rubuta shi, sannan ta sake shigar da wani sanarwa.

Imhoff ya kuma faɗakar da Cassidy da Sahad da sunan da ba a san su ba: wani kamfani na Australiya mai suna Redbubble, inda ya gabatar da sanarwar cin zarafi na lokaci-lokaci a madadin Chainsaw wanda ya fara daga 2013. A tsawon lokaci, matsalar ta yi muni: Sahad ya aika da sanarwar cire 649 zuwa Redbubble da reshensa. Teepublic in 2019. Shafukan sun cire abubuwan, amma sababbi sun bayyana.

Bayan haka, a cikin watan Agusta, tare da Halloween yana gabatowa - lokacin Kirsimeti na dillalan ban tsoro - abokai sun aika wa Cassidy rubutu, suna gaya masa cewa sun ga tarin sabbin kayayyaki na Chainsaw don siyarwa akan layi, galibi ana tallata su ta tallan Facebook da Instagram.

Wani talla ya jagoranci Cassidy zuwa wani gidan yanar gizon da ake kira Dzeetee.com, wanda ya gano wani kamfani da bai taɓa jin labarinsa ba, TeeChip.Ya gano ƙarin tallace-tallace zuwa wasu gidajen yanar gizon da ke siyar da abubuwan Chainsaw marasa lasisi, wanda kuma ke da alaƙa da TeeChip.A cikin makonni, Cassidy ya ce, ya gano kamfanoni masu kama da juna, kowannensu yana tallafawa da yawa, ɗaruruwa, wani lokacin dubban shaguna.Rubuce-rubuce da tallace-tallace daga kungiyoyin Facebook masu alaƙa da waɗannan kamfanoni sune tallan kasuwancin Chainsaw.

Cassidy ya yi mamaki."Ya fi yadda muke zato," in ji shi.“Waɗannan ba shafuka 10 ba ne kawai.Akwai dubu daga cikinsu.”(Cassidy da marubucin sun kasance abokai har tsawon shekaru 20.)

Kamfanoni kamar TeeChip an san su da shagunan buƙatu.Suna ba da damar masu amfani don lodawa da ƙirar kasuwa;lokacin da abokin ciniki ya ba da oda - ka ce, don T-shirt - kamfani yana shirya bugu, sau da yawa ana yin shi a cikin gida, kuma ana aika kayan zuwa abokin ciniki.Fasahar tana ba duk wanda ke da ra'ayi da haɗin Intanet damar samun kuɗin ƙirƙira su kuma fara layin ciniki na duniya ba tare da kan gaba ba, babu kaya, kuma babu haɗari.

Ga rub da ciki: Masu haƙƙin mallaka da alamun kasuwanci sun ce ta hanyar barin kowa ya loda kowane zane, kamfanoni masu buƙatu suna sauƙaƙa tauye haƙƙinsu na fasaha.Sun ce shagunan da ake bukatuwa sun kwashe dubun-dubatar, watakila daruruwa, na miliyoyin daloli a duk shekara a cikin tallace-tallacen da ba a ba su izini ba, wanda hakan ya sa ba zai yiwu a iya sarrafa yadda ake amfani da kadarorinsu ba ko kuma wanda ke cin riba daga gare ta.

Haɓaka haɓakar fasahar buƙatu na buƙatu yana ƙalubalantar dokokin da aka yi shekaru da yawa waɗanda ke sarrafa amfani da kayan fasaha akan intanet.Wata doka ta 1998 da ake kira Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) tana ba da kariya ga dandamali na kan layi daga alhaki don keta haƙƙin mallaka don karɓar abun ciki na dijital kawai da mai amfani ya ɗora.Wannan yana nufin masu haƙƙin yawanci dole ne su nemi dandamali a cire kowane abu da suka yi imanin ya keta haƙƙinsu.Bugu da ƙari, kamfanoni masu buƙatu sau da yawa suna canzawa-ko taimakawa canza fayilolin dijital zuwa samfuran jiki kamar T-shirts da kofi na kofi.Wasu masana sun ce yana sanya su cikin yanki mai launin toka na doka.Kuma DMCA ba ta shafi alamun kasuwanci ba, waɗanda ke rufe sunaye, alamomin kalma, da sauran alamun mallakar mallaka, kamar Nike swoosh.

Hoton hoton da Exurbia Films ya ɗauka na rigar siyar da aka yi zargin ya saba wa alamun kasuwancinsa na Kisan Kisan Tsakanin Texas.

CafePress, wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 1999, yana cikin ayyukan buƙatu na farko;tsarin kasuwancin ya bazu a tsakiyar 2000s tare da haɓakar bugu na dijital.A baya can, masana'antun za su buga ƙira iri ɗaya akan abubuwa kamar T-shirts, hanya mai ƙarfi ta sama wacce yawanci ke buƙatar umarni mai yawa don samun riba.Tare da bugu na dijital, ana fesa tawada akan kayan da kanta, yana ba da damar injin guda ya buga ƙira daban-daban a cikin yini, yana sa samarwa ko da sau ɗaya ya sami riba.

Masana'antar da sauri ta haifar da hayaniya.Zazzle, dandamalin bugu akan buƙatu, ya ƙaddamar da gidan yanar gizon sa a cikin 2005;shekaru uku bayan haka, TechCrunch ya sanya masa suna mafi kyawun tsarin kasuwanci na shekara.Redbubble ya zo tare a cikin 2006, tare da wasu kamar TeeChip, TeePublic, da SunFrog.A yau, waɗancan rukunin yanar gizon sune ginshiƙan masana'antun duniya na biliyoyin daloli, tare da layin samfuran da suka tashi daga T-shirts da hoodies zuwa tufafi, fosta, mugaye, kayan gida, jakunkuna, kujerun hannu, wuyan hannu, har ma da kayan ado.

Yawancin kamfanoni masu buƙatun buƙatu suna da cikakkun hanyoyin haɗin gwiwar ecommerce, suna ba masu ƙira damar sarrafa shagunan yanar gizo masu sauƙin amfani-mai kama da shafukan masu amfani akan Etsy ko Amazon.Wasu dandamali, irin su GearLaunch, suna ba masu ƙira damar yin aiki da shafuka a ƙarƙashin sunayen yanki na musamman da haɗa kai tare da shahararrun sabis na ecommerce kamar Shopify, yayin samar da tallace-tallace da kayan aikin ƙira, samarwa, bayarwa, da sabis na abokin ciniki.

Kamar yawancin masu farawa, kamfanoni masu buƙatu suna yin suturar kansu a cikin clichés na tallan fasaha.SunFrog shine "al'umma" na masu fasaha da abokan ciniki, inda baƙi za su iya siyayya don "ƙirar ƙira da ƙira na musamman kamar yadda kuke."Redbubble ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "kasuwancin duniya, tare da keɓaɓɓen, fasaha na asali da aka bayar don siyarwa ta masu fasaha masu zaman kansu akan samfuran inganci."

Amma lingo na tallace-tallace yana shagaltuwa daga abin da wasu masu haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka da lauyoyi ke yi imani da shi shine ginshiƙin tsarin kasuwanci: tallace-tallace na jabu.Shafukan suna ba masu amfani damar loda duk abin da suke so;akan manyan shafuka, abubuwan da aka yi lodawa na iya adadin dubun dubatar kowace rana.Shafukan ba su da wani takalifi don duba ƙira sai dai idan wani ya yi iƙirarin kalmomin ko hoton sun keta haƙƙin mallaka ko alamar kasuwanci.Kowane irin wannan da'awar yawanci ya ƙunshi shigar da sanarwa daban.Masu sukar sun ce masu hakkin hakkin kai, duka masu hankali da rashin sani.

"Masana'antar ta girma sosai wanda, bi da bi, cin zarafi ya fashe," in ji Imhoff, wakilin lasisi.Kwanan nan kamar 2010, ya ce, “Buga-kan-buƙata yana da irin wannan ƙaramin rabon kasuwa, ba shi da matsala sosai.Amma yana girma da sauri [har] ya fita daga hannu.”

Imhoff ya ce binciken intanet na abubuwa kamar su "T-shirt Texas Chainsaw Massacre T-shirt" sau da yawa yana nuna ƙira da ke keta haƙƙin mallaka da alamun kasuwanci na Exurbia.Wannan ya mayar da aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin zuwa “wasa mara ƙarewa na whack-a-mole” ga masu haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙinsu zuwa “wasa mara ƙarewa na whack-a-mole” ga masu haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi, in ji shi.

Imhoff ya ce: "Ya kasance za ku fita ne ku sami cin zarafi a cikin kantin sayar da sarkar guda ɗaya a cikin kantin sayar da kayayyaki, don haka za ku tuntuɓi mai siyan su na ƙasa kuma hakan zai kasance," in ji Imhoff."Yanzu akwai miliyoyin 'yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu da ke tsara kayayyaki kowace rana."

Akwai babban kudi a ciki.Redbubble, wanda aka yi muhawara kan musayar hannun jarin Ostiraliya a cikin 2016, ya gaya wa masu saka hannun jari a watan Yulin 2019 cewa ya sauƙaƙe hada-hadar da ta kai sama da dala miliyan 328 a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata.Kamfanin ya kulla kasuwar kan layi ta duniya don kayan sawa da kayan gida a wannan shekara akan dala biliyan 280.A kololuwar SunFrog, a cikin 2017, ya samar da dala miliyan 150 a cikin kudaden shiga, a cewar wani karar da kotu ta shigar.Zazzle ya gaya wa CNBC cewa ya yi hasashen dala miliyan 250 a cikin kudaden shiga a cikin 2015.

Ba duk waɗannan tallace-tallacen suna nuna ƙeta ba, ba shakka.Amma Scott Burroughs, lauyan fasaha a Los Angeles wanda ya wakilci masu ƙira masu zaman kansu da yawa don dacewa da kamfanonin buƙatu, ya yi imani da yawa, idan ba mafi yawa ba, abubuwan da ke ciki suna da alama suna cin zarafi.Mark Lemley, darektan Shirin Makarantar Shari'a na Stanford a Shari'a, Kimiyya, da Fasaha, ya ce kimar Burroughs na iya zama daidai amma irin waɗannan ƙididdiga suna da sarƙaƙiya saboda "ƙirar ƙwazo daga masu haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka, musamman a ɓangaren alamar kasuwanci."

Sakamakon haka, haɓakar buƙatu kuma ya kawo ɗumbin ƙararraki daga masu haƙƙin haƙƙin kama daga masu zane-zane masu zaman kansu zuwa samfuran ƙasashen duniya.

Kudin buga kamfanonin da ake buƙata na iya zama babba.A cikin 2017, masu gudanarwa a Harley-Davidson sun lura da ƙira sama da 100 waɗanda ke ɗauke da alamun kasuwanci na masu yin babur-kamar shahararren Bar & Garkuwa da tambarin Willie G. Skull—a kan gidan yanar gizon SunFrog.A cewar wata ƙarar gwamnatin tarayya a gundumar Gabashin Wisconsin, Harley ta aika da SunFrog fiye da korafe-korafe 70 na abubuwan “fiye da 800” waɗanda suka saba wa alamun kasuwanci na Harley.A cikin Afrilu 2018, wani alkali ya ba Harley-Davidson dala miliyan 19.2 - mafi girman cin zarafi na kamfani har zuwa yau - kuma ya hana SunFrog sayar da kayayyaki tare da alamun kasuwanci na Harley.Alkalin gundumar Amurka JP Stadtmueller ya tsawatar da SunFrog saboda rashin yin wani abu ga 'yan sanda a shafinsa."SunFrog yana roƙon jahilci yayin da yake zaune a saman dutsen albarkatun da za a iya turawa don haɓaka fasaha mai inganci, hanyoyin bita, ko horon da zai taimaka wajen magance ƙeta," in ji shi.

Wanda ya kafa SunFrog Josh Kent ya ce abubuwan da ba su dace ba na Harley sun samo asali ne daga "kamar yara rabin dozin a Vietnam" waɗanda suka ɗora ƙirar."Ba su yi musu ba."Kent bai amsa buƙatun don ƙarin takamaiman sharhi kan shawarar Harley ba.

Irin wannan shari'ar da aka shigar a cikin 2016 tana da tasiri mai mahimmanci.A waccan shekarar, mai zanen gani na California Greg Young ya kai karar Zazzle a Kotun Gundumar Amurka, yana zargin cewa masu amfani da Zazzle sun loda da sayar da kayayyakin da ke dauke da aikin haƙƙin mallaka ba tare da izini ba, da'awar Zazzle bai musanta ba.Alkalin ya gano cewa DMCA ta kare Zazzle daga alhakin abubuwan da aka ɗora wa kansu amma ta ce za a iya tuhumar Zazzle don diyya saboda rawar da yake takawa wajen samarwa da siyar da kayan.Ba kamar kasuwannin kan layi irin su Amazon ko eBay ba, alƙalin ya rubuta, "Zazzle yana ƙirƙirar samfuran."

Zazzle ya daukaka kara, amma a watan Nuwamba wata kotun daukaka kara ta amince cewa Zazzle za a iya daure shi, kuma Young ya tsaya ya karbi sama da dala 500,000.Zazzle bai amsa buƙatun yin sharhi ba.

Wannan hukuncin, idan ya tabbata, zai iya yin ruguza masana'antar.Eric Goldman, farfesa a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Santa Clara, ya rubuta cewa shawarar za ta ba masu haƙƙin mallaka damar "ma'amala da Zazzle azaman ATM na sirri."A cikin wata hira, Goldman ya ce idan kotuna suka ci gaba da yin hukunci ta wannan hanyar, masana'antar buƙatu ta “ɓatacce ne.… Yana yiwuwa ba zai iya tsira daga ƙalubalen doka ba.”

Idan ya zo ga haƙƙin mallaka, rawar da kamfanoni masu buƙatu ke takawa wajen juyar da fayilolin dijital zuwa samfuran zahiri na iya yin tasiri a idanun doka, in ji Lemley, na Stanford.Idan kamfanonin ke yin da siyar da samfuran kai tsaye, in ji shi, ƙila ba za su sami kariyar DMCA ba, “ko da kuwa ilimi kuma ba tare da la’akari da matakan da suka dace ba don ɗaukar abubuwan cin zarafi idan sun gano hakan.”

Amma hakan bazai zama lamarin ba idan wani ɓangare na uku ke sarrafa masana'anta, yana barin wuraren buƙatun buƙatu su yi iƙirarin cewa kasuwanni ne kawai kamar yadda Amazon yake.A cikin Maris 2019, Kotun Gundumar Amurka a Kudancin Kudancin Ohio ta sami Redbubble ba shi da alhakin siyar da hajar Jami'ar Jihar Ohio mara izini.Kotun ta amince cewa kayayyakin, da suka hada da riguna da lambobi, sun keta alamun kasuwancin jihar Ohio.Ya gano cewa Redbubble ya sauƙaƙe tallace-tallace kuma ya ba da kwangilar bugawa da aikawa ga abokan tarayya-kuma an kawo abubuwan a cikin marufi mai alamar Redbubble.Amma kotun ta ce Redbubble ba za a iya tuhumarsa ba saboda a fasahance bai yi ko ma sayar da kayayyakin da suka keta doka ba.A gaban alkali, Redbubble kawai ya sauƙaƙe tallace-tallace tsakanin masu amfani da abokan ciniki kuma baya aiki azaman “mai siyarwa.”Jihar Ohio ta ki cewa komai kan hukuncin;An shirya muhawara kan daukaka kara ranar Alhamis.

Corina Davis, babbar jami'ar shari'a ta Redbubble, ta ƙi yin tsokaci game da shari'ar Jihar Ohio musamman, amma ta yi la'akari da dalilin kotu a wata hira."Ba mu da alhakin cin zarafi, lokaci," in ji ta.“Ba mu sayar da komai.Ba mu kera komai ba.”

A cikin imel na bibiyar kalmomi 750, Davis ta ce tana sane da wasu masu amfani da Redbubble suna ƙoƙarin amfani da dandamali don siyar da “sace” kadarorin fasaha.Manufar kamfanin, in ji ta, "ba wai kawai don kare manyan masu haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka ba ne, don kare duk waɗannan masu fasaha masu zaman kansu daga sa wani ya sami kuɗi daga fasahar sata."Redbubble ya ce ba mai siyarwa bane, kodayake gabaɗaya yana adana kusan kashi 80 na kudaden shiga daga tallace-tallace akan rukunin yanar gizon sa.

Goldman, a cikin shafin yanar gizon, ya kira nasarar Redbubble "abin mamaki," saboda kamfanin ya "damuwa sosai" ayyukansa don kauce wa ma'anar doka ta mai sayarwa."Ba tare da irin wannan rikice-rikice ba," in ji shi, kamfanoni masu buƙatu za su fuskanci "ka'idoji da alhaki marasa iyaka."

Burroughs, lauyan Los Angeles wanda ke wakiltar masu fasaha, ya rubuta a cikin nazarin hukuncin cewa dabarar kotun "zai nuna cewa duk wani kamfani na kan layi da ke son shiga cikin cin zarafi na iya siyar da duk samfuran buga wasan da zuciyarta ke so idan dai ta kasance. yana biyan kamfanoni na uku don kerawa da jigilar samfur."

Sauran kamfanoni masu buƙatu suna amfani da irin wannan samfurin.Thatcher Spring, Shugaba na GearLaunch, ya ce game da Redbubble, "Sun ce suna kulla alaƙar fifiko tare da sarkar samar da kayayyaki, amma a zahiri ina tsammanin suna ƙarfafa wannan cin zarafi na IP."Amma daga baya Spring ya yarda cewa GearLaunch shima yana yin kwangila tare da masana'antun ɓangare na uku.“Oh, haka ne.Ba mu mallaki wuraren samar da kayayyaki ba.”

Ko da shawarar Jihar Ohio ta tsaya, har yanzu tana iya cutar da masana'antar.Kamar yadda Kent, wanda ya kafa SunFrog, ya lura, "Idan masu bugawa suna da alhakin, wa zai so bugawa?"

Amazon na fuskantar irin wannan ƙarar game da alhakinta na rashin lahani na kare da wani ɗan kasuwa mai zaman kansa ya yi wanda ya makantar da abokin ciniki.Wannan shari'ar ta ƙalubalanci ƙa'idar da ta ceci Redbubble: Shin kasuwa, ko da ba "mai siyarwa bane," za a iya ɗaukar alhakin samfuran zahiri da aka sayar ta wurinsa?A watan Yuli, wani kwamitin alkalai uku na Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka ta yanke hukuncin cewa za a iya ci gaba da shari’ar;Amazon ya daukaka kara zuwa babban kwamitin alkalai, wadanda suka saurari karar a watan da ya gabata.Wadannan kararrakin na iya sake fasalin kasuwancin e-commerce da kuma, bi da bi, dokokin mallakar kan layi.

Idan aka ba da adadin masu amfani, ƙarar abubuwan lodawa, da nau'ikan mallakar fasaha, har ma da kamfanonin buga-buƙata sun yarda cewa wani adadin ƙetare ba makawa ne.A cikin imel, Davis, babban mashawarcin shari'a na Redbubble, ya kira shi "batun masana'antu mai ma'ana."

Kowane kamfani yana ɗaukar matakai don 'yan sanda dandalinsa, yawanci ta hanyar ba da tashar yanar gizo inda masu haƙƙin haƙƙinsu za su iya shigar da sanarwar cin zarafi;suna kuma ba masu amfani shawara game da haɗarin buga ƙira mara izini.GearLaunch ya buga wani shafi mai taken "Yadda Ba za a je gidan yarin haƙƙin mallaka ba kuma har yanzu Ya zama Mai Arziki."

GearLaunch da SunFrog sun ce suna goyon bayan amfani da software na gane hoto don nemo ƙira mai yuwuwar cin zarafi.Sai dai Kent ya ce SunFrog yana tsara manhajar sa don gane wasu kayayyaki ne kawai, domin a cewarsa, yana da tsada sosai wajen tantance miliyoyin abubuwan da aka loda.Bugu da ƙari, ya ce, "Fasaha ba ta da kyau sosai."Babu wani kamfani da zai bayyana girman ƙungiyar biyayyarsa.

Redbubble's Davis ya ce kamfanin yana iyakance loda masu amfani da kullun "don hana shigar da abun ciki a sikelin."Ta ce kungiyar Mutunci ta Kasuwar Redbubble - wacce ta bayyana a cikin kiran waya a matsayin "lean" - ana tuhumarta a wani bangare na "ci gaba da ganowa da kuma cire haramtattun asusun da bots suka kirkira," wanda zai iya ƙirƙirar asusu da tattara abun ciki ta atomatik.Wannan ƙungiyar guda ɗaya, Davis ya ce a cikin imel, kuma yana hulɗa da ɓarna abun ciki, harin sa hannu, da "halayyan zamba."

Davis ya ce Redbubble ya zaɓi kada ya yi amfani da daidaitaccen software na gane hoto, kodayake reshensa na Teepublic yana yi."Ina tsammanin akwai kuskure" cewa software da ta dace da hoton "gyaran sihiri ce," ta rubuta a cikin imel, tana ambaton gazawar fasaha da girman hotuna da bambancin "ana ƙirƙira kowane minti daya."(Bayanin masu saka hannun jari na Redbubble na 2018 ya kiyasta masu amfani da shi na 280,000 sun ɗora nau'ikan kayayyaki daban-daban miliyan 17.4 a waccan shekarar.) Saboda software ba zai iya magance matsalar "har yadda muke buƙata," ta rubuta, Redbubble yana gwada nasa kayan aikin, gami da shirin da zai iya magance matsalar. yana duba sabbin hotunan da aka ɗora akan dukkan bayanan hoton sa.Redbubble yana tsammanin ƙaddamar da waɗannan fasalulluka daga baya wannan shekara.

A cikin imel, wakilin eBay ya ce kamfanin yana amfani da "nagartaccen kayan aikin ganowa, tilastawa da kuma dangantaka mai karfi tare da masu alamar" don 'yan sanda shafinsa.Kamfanin ya ce shirin sa na hana cin zarafi don tabbatar da masu mallakar yana da mahalarta 40,000.Wakilin Amazon ya ambaci sama da dala miliyan 400 wajen saka hannun jari don yaƙi da zamba, gami da jabun, da kuma shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa da aka tsara don rage cin zarafi.Ofishin sadarwa na Etsy ya mayar da tambayoyi zuwa ga rahoton bayyana gaskiya na kwanan nan na kamfanin, inda kamfanin ya ce ya hana samun damar shiga sama da jerin sunayen 400,000 a cikin 2018, sama da kashi 71 cikin 100 daga shekarar da ta gabata.TeeChip ta ce ta kashe miliyoyin daloli don taimakawa wajen gano cin zarafi, kuma ta sanya kowane ƙira ta hanyar "tsararrun tsarin tantancewa" gami da tantance rubutu da software na tantance hoto mai amfani da na'ura.

A cikin wani imel, Davis ya bayyana wasu ƙalubale.Masu haƙƙin haƙƙin sukan nemi a saukar da abubuwan da doka ta tanada, kamar fasikanci, in ji ta.Wasu suna buga buƙatun marasa ma'ana: Ɗaya ya tambayi Redbubble don toshe kalmar neman "mutum."

"Ba wai kawai ba zai yiwu a gane kowane haƙƙin mallaka ko alamar kasuwanci da ke wanzu kuma za su wanzu ba," in ji Davis a cikin imel, amma "ba duk masu haƙƙin haƙƙin su ke kula da kariyar IP ɗin su ta hanya ɗaya ba."Wasu suna son rashin haƙuri, in ji ta, amma wasu suna tunanin ƙirar, ko da sun saba, suna haifar da ƙarin buƙata."A wasu lokuta," in ji Davis, "masu hakki sun zo mana tare da sanarwar cirewa sannan mai zane ya rubuta takardar sanarwa, kuma mai haƙƙin ya dawo ya ce, 'A gaskiya, mun yi daidai da hakan.Bar shi."

Kalubalen sun haifar da abin da Goldman, farfesa na Santa Clara, ya kira "tsaran da ba zai yiwu ba" don yarda."Kuna iya baiwa kowa da kowa a duniya aikin tantance waɗannan ƙira, kuma har yanzu ba zai wadatar ba," in ji Goldman a cikin wata hira.

Kent ya ce sarkakiya da kararrakin sun kori SunFrog daga bukatu-bukatu zuwa "mafi aminci, sararin da za a iya tsinkaya."Kamfanin ya taɓa bayyana kansa a matsayin mafi girman masana'anta na T-shirt a Amurka.Yanzu, Kent ya ce SunFrog yana neman haɗin gwiwa tare da sanannun samfuran, kamar Makon Shark na Discovery Channel."Makon Shark ba zai keta kowa ba," in ji shi.

Redbubble, kuma, ya jera "haɗin gwiwar abun ciki" a matsayin manufa a cikin gabatarwar masu hannun jarin 2018.A yau shirin haɗin gwiwar sa ya ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan 59, galibi daga masana'antar nishaɗi.Ƙarin kwanan nan sun haɗa da abubuwa masu lasisi daga Universal Studios, gami da Jaws, Back to Future, da Shaun of The Dead.

Masu haƙƙin haƙƙin sun ce nauyinsu—gano samfuran ketare da bin diddigin su zuwa tushen su—yana da buƙata daidai gwargwado."Aiki ne na cikakken lokaci," in ji Burroughs, lauyan da ke wakiltar masu fasaha.Imhoff, wakilin Texas Chainsaw mai ba da lasisi, ya ce aikin yana da wahala musamman ga ƙananan masu riƙe haƙƙoƙi, kamar Exurbia.

Aiwatar da alamar kasuwanci yana da buƙata musamman.Masu haƙƙin mallaka na iya aiwatar da haƙƙoƙinsu tam ko sako-sako kamar yadda suka ga dama, amma masu haƙƙin mallaka dole ne su nuna suna aiwatar da alamun kasuwancin su akai-akai.Idan masu siye ba su ƙara haɗa alamar kasuwanci da tambari ba, alamar ta zama gama gari.(Escalator, kananzir, faifan bidiyo, trampoline, da wayar tafi da gidanka duk sun rasa alamun kasuwancinsu ta wannan hanya.)

Alamomin kasuwanci na Exurbia sun haɗa da haƙƙoƙin sama da alamomin kalmomi 20 da tambura don Kisan Kaya na Texas Chainsaw da muguwar sa, Fata.A lokacin rani na ƙarshe, aikin kare haƙƙin mallaka da alamun kasuwancinsa - bincika akai-akai, tabbatarwa, tattara bayanai, bin diddigin kamfanonin da ba a san su ba, lauyoyi masu ba da shawara, da kuma aika sanarwa ga ma'aikatan gidan yanar gizon - ya shimfiɗa albarkatun kamfanin har Cassidy ya kawo ma'aikatan kwangila uku, wanda ya haura jimlar. ma'aikata zuwa takwas.

Amma sun kai ga iyakarsu lokacin da Cassidy ya gano cewa yawancin sabbin rukunin yanar gizon da ke siyar da ƙwanƙwasa sun dogara ne a ƙasashen waje kuma ba za a iya gano su ba.Cin zarafin haƙƙin mallaka a Asiya ba shakka ba sabon abu bane, amma masu aiki a ƙasashen waje suma sun kafa kanti akan dandamalin buƙatu na tushen Amurka.Yawancin shafuka da ƙungiyoyi Exurbia sun sami tura tallace-tallacen kafofin watsa labarun don buga buƙatun buƙatun bara da aka gano ga masu aiki a Asiya.

Shafin Farko na Facebook Cassidy ya bincika, Hocus and Pocus and Chill, yana da likes 36,000, kuma bisa ga bayanin sa yana da ma'aikata 30 a Vietnam;ƙungiyar ta dakatar da tallace-tallace a faɗuwar da ta gabata.

Cassidy ya yi zargin cewa yawancin waɗannan masu siyarwar ana sarrafa su a ƙasashen waje, saboda ya kasa gano su zuwa dandalin iyaye ko cibiyar jigilar kayayyaki.Shafukan shari'a da na keɓantawa suna da rubutu mai riƙewa.Sanarwar saukarwa ba ta shiga ba.Kiran waya, imel, da duba ISP duk sun ƙare.Wasu shafuka sun yi iƙirarin adiresoshin Amurka, amma wasiƙun daina-da-hana da aka aika ta hanyar saƙon da aka tabbatar sun dawo da alamar dawo da mai aikawa, suna nuna waɗancan adireshi na bogi ne.

Don haka Cassidy ya sayi wasu rigar Chainsaw tare da katin zare kudi, yana tunanin zai iya ciro adireshi daga bayanan bankinsa.Abubuwan sun isa makonni biyu bayan haka;Bayanan na bankin ya ce yawancin kamfanonin suna cikin Vietnam.Sauran maganganun sun gabatar da matattu.An jera tuhume-tuhumen ga kamfanoni na bazuwar tare da adiresoshin Amurka-mai siyar da hops na Midwestern, alal misali.Cassidy ya kira kamfanonin, amma ba su da wani tarihin ma'amala kuma ba su da masaniya game da abin da yake magana.Har yanzu bai gano hakan ba.

A cikin watan Agusta, wani gajiyar Sahad ya tuntubi Redbubble yana neman bayani kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa.A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, bisa buƙatar Redbubble, Exurbia ta aika imel da alamar bene, alamar kasuwanci da bayanin haƙƙin mallaka, ID na haƙƙin mallaka, da wasiƙar izini.Exurbia ta kuma nemi rahoton duk sanarwar cirewa don keta abubuwan Chainsaw da Redbubble ya samu tsawon shekaru.

A cikin kira da imel na gaba, wakilan Redbubble sun ba da yarjejeniyar raba kudaden shiga.Tayin farko, a cikin takardar da WIRED ta sake dubawa, ya haɗa da kashi 6 na sarauta ga Exurbia akan fasahar fan da kashi 10 akan hajoji na hukuma.(Imhoff ya ce ma'aunin masana'antu yana tsakanin kashi 12 zuwa 15 cikin ɗari.) Exurbia ya yi jinkiri.Cassidy ya ce: "Sun sami kuɗi daga dukiyarmu ta ilimi tsawon shekaru, kuma suna buƙatar yin hakan," in ji Cassidy."Amma ba sa zuwa gaba da walat ɗin su."

"Kuna iya baiwa kowa da kowa a duniya aikin tantance waɗannan ƙirar kuma har yanzu bai isa ba."

A ranar 19 ga Disamba, Exurbia ta ƙaddamar da sabbin sanarwa 277 ga Redbubble kuma bayan kwana huɗu ta gabatar da 132 tare da reshenta, TeePublic, don T-shirts, fosta, da sauran samfuran.An cire kayan.A ranar 8 ga Janairu, Exurbia ta aika da wani imel, wanda WIRED ya sake dubawa, yana mai da hankali kan sabbin lamuran keta haddi, wanda Sahad ya rubuta tare da hotunan kariyar kwamfuta, falle, da sakamakon bincike daga ranar.Wani bincike na Redbubble, alal misali, ya dawo da sakamako 252 na "Kisan Tsakanin Texas" da 549 don "Fatar Fata".Binciken TeePublic ya gano ƙarin ɗaruruwan abubuwa.

A ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, Redbubble ya aika da rahoton Exurbia na duk sanarwar cirewar Chainsaw da ta samu, da jimillar ƙimar siyar da kayan Chainsaw Sahad ya gano a cikin sanarwar cirewa tun Maris 2019. Exurbia ba za ta bayyana lambar tallace-tallace ba, amma Cassidy ya ce hakan ya kasance. daidai da nasa kiyasin.

Bayan WIRED ya yi tambaya tare da Redbubble game da tattaunawa da Exurbia, lauyan cikin gida na Redbubble ya gaya wa Exurbia cewa kamfanin yana la'akari da zaɓuɓɓukan sasantawa don cin zarafi.Bangarorin biyu sun ce ana ci gaba da tattaunawa.Cassidy yana da kyakkyawan fata."Aƙalla kamar su ne kawai suke yin ƙoƙari," in ji shi."Wanda muke godiya."

Don haka, ta yaya wannan ƙirar za ta iya tasowa ba tare da gajerun masu mallakar IP ba ko haɓaka masana'antu da yawa don bayarwa?Shin muna buƙatar sabon DMCA-kuma ɗaya don alamun kasuwanci?Shin wani abu zai canza ba tare da sababbin dokoki ba?

Masana'antar kiɗa na iya ba da alama.Tun kafin Napster, masana'antar ta fuskanci irin wannan rikici tare da sarauta: Tare da yawan kiɗan da aka yi a wurare da yawa, ta yaya masu fasaha za su sami hakkinsu?Ƙungiyoyi masu ba da lasisi irin su ASCAP sun shiga, suna kafa manyan yarjejeniyoyin raba kudaden shiga ga dillalan sarauta.Masu fasaha suna biyan ASCAP kuɗi na lokaci ɗaya don shiga, kuma masu watsa shirye-shirye, mashaya, da wuraren shakatawa na dare suna biyan kuɗaɗen kuɗi na shekara-shekara wanda ya 'yantar da su daga tattara bayanai da ba da rahoton kowace waƙa.Hukumomin suna kula da iskar iska da kulake, suna yin lissafi, da kuma karkatar da kudaden.Kwanan nan, ayyuka irin su iTunes da Spotify sun maye gurbin kasuwar raba fayil ta Wild West, raba kudaden shiga tare da masu fasaha masu yarda.

Ga masana'antar da za a iya cewa ta fi girma da bambanta fiye da kasuwancin kiɗa, ba zai zama mai sauƙi ba.Goldman ya ce wasu masu haƙƙoƙin ƙila ba za su so kulla yarjejeniya ba;daga cikin waɗanda ke son shiga, wasu na iya so su riƙe iko a kan wasu ƙira, daidai da Eagles na tantance kowane rukunin murfin da ke son yin wasa da Hotel California."Idan masana'antar ta motsa wannan hanyar," in ji Goldman, "zata yi kasa da karfi sosai kuma ta fi tsada fiye da yadda take a yanzu."

Davis na Davis Davis ya ce shi ne "mai mahimmanci ga kasuwanni da masu siyarwa, masu riƙewa, masu hurawa, masu fasaha, da sauransu ga duka sun kasance a kan tebur."David Imhoff ya yarda cewa samfurin lasisi shine ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa, amma ya damu game da kula da inganci."Samfuran dole ne su kare martabarsu, amincin su," in ji shi."A yanzu wannan mazugi na abun ciki da ke zuwa ta kowace hanya ba za a iya sarrafa shi ba."

Kuma a nan ne masu zane-zane, lauyoyi, kotu, kamfanoni, da masu haƙƙin haƙƙin su daidaita.Wannan a ƙarshe, da alama alhakin alhakin ya faɗo tare da shahararrun masana'antar canza canjin su duka: gwamnatin tarayya.

Sabuntawa, 3-24-20, 12pm ET: An sabunta wannan labarin don fayyace cewa "aiwatar da aiwatarwa" ba wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa da aka tsara ba tsakanin Exurbia da Redbubble.

WIRED shine inda gobe zai tabbata.Ita ce mahimmin tushen bayanai da ra'ayoyi waɗanda ke ba da ma'anar duniya a cikin canji koyaushe.Tattaunawar WIRED tana haskaka yadda fasaha ke canza kowane fanni na rayuwarmu-daga al'ada zuwa kasuwanci, kimiyya zuwa ƙira.Nasarar da sabbin abubuwan da muke buɗewa suna haifar da sabbin hanyoyin tunani, sabbin alaƙa, da sabbin masana'antu.

© 2020 Condé Nast.An kiyaye duk haƙƙoƙi.Amfani da wannan rukunin yanar gizon ya ƙunshi yarda da Yarjejeniyar Mai amfani (sabuntawa 1/1/20) da Manufar Keɓantawa da Bayanin Kuki (sabunta 1/1/20) da Haƙƙin Sirri na California.Kar ku Siyar da Bayanin Keɓaɓɓen Nawa Waya na iya samun wani yanki na tallace-tallace daga samfuran da aka siya ta rukunin yanar gizon mu a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙarfafan Haɗin gwiwarmu tare da dillalai.Ba za a iya sake buga abubuwan da ke wannan rukunin yanar gizon ba, rarrabawa, watsawa, adanawa ko akasin haka, sai da izinin rubutaccen izini na Condé Nast.Zaɓuɓɓukan Talla